Human Trafficking Victims in the United States Free Essay Example, 4250 words

According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the trafficking of humans is not only a global issue but also a domestic problem. In comparison to other countries, the United States of America is the principal receiver of persons trafficked. Annually, approximately 15,000-50,000 of victims internationally trafficked get into the United States. These victims can be located in a variety of United States economy sectors such as factories, prostitution, sweatshops, and the service industry. The data provided gives a clue about how adverse the problem is. The researcher states that human trafficking as a crime is extremely underreported making it difficult to identify the victims. Given the human trafficking s secretive and criminal nature; victims are frequently hidden in homes, brothels, and businesses. Additionally, human trafficking victims are rarely encountered by social workers, law enforcement and health care professionals. This is because of the difficulty in identifying victims that are potential for human trafficking and also the hiding of victims in areas that are not accessed easily. It is evidently clear from the discussion that victims of human trafficking are remarkably reluctant to inquire for aid or support when they have the opportunity of accessing social services or law enforcement. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Trafficking Victims in the United States or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This is attributed to psychological coercion and fear of trafficker retribution. Similarly, the majority of the victims are from countries exhibiting governments that are highly oppressive thus making them fear any authority or government official figure. The purpose of this paper is thus to analyze the five major controversies in Human trafficking. These are such as the legalization of prostitution, the demand for human trafficking, the pros and cons of media attention, the problem of immigration and the sources of aiding victims of human trafficking and eliminate the problem.

Marketing Marketing Means The Way That The Company Use...

MARKETING: - marketing means the way that the company use to make the customers to aware about the product and services that they are providing to their customers. PROMOTION:- Definition 1 â€Å"The publicizing of a product, organization, or venture so as to increase sales or public awareness.† (oxforddictionaries) Definition 2 â€Å"Promotion refers to raising customer awareness of a product or brand, generating sales, and creating brand loyalty. It is one of the four basic elements of the market mix, which includes the four P s: price, product, promotion, and place.† (wikipedia) DIAGRAM:- Promotion is used to inform the customers regarding the products and services of the organisation providing to their services. To promote their products and services they advertise of their products and services in various forms so that customers can come to know about their products and services. Apart from this promotion assists the company to persuading the customers to buy their products. 1.1 ROLES OF PROMOTIONS IN NEW ZEALAND AND USA ROLES OF PROMOTION OF MCDONALDS IN NEW ZEALAND ïÆ' ¼ In New Zealand the main role of promotion is to inform the potential customer about the products and services that is made for them by the company. In other words we can say that it the way to tell the customers about the products and services. ïÆ' ¼ Promotion assists the McDonald to increase their brand awareness. When the company advertise their products by having different ways itShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mix1452 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Mix Michael Anderson MKT/421 May 30, 2011 Gabriel Renero According to the text-book Marketing an Introduction â€Å"Guided by marketing strategy, the company designs an integrated marketing mix made up of factors under its control—product, price, place, and promotion to find the best marketing strategy and mix† (Armstrong amp; Kotler,  2009,   p.  47). 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In particular this essay will focus on the example of the new Fitbit Alta, an activity tracker wristband than released in March 2016. The discussion of the concept of marketing and customer value will contain discussions in relation to the presumption that marketing is an ongoing process of facilitating informationRead More2.5 New Positioning Strategy Of The Local Market Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesleverage. I would propose that OSIM’s marketing manger take OSIM uCaress 3D product and sell it at a high price. This is because the product is the latest in the market and contains innovative feature such as deep tissue relief and loosening stiff muscles in the neck (OSIM, 216). By positioning itself as a high-price company, they establish a perceived value. 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Environment could be described as an internal and external condition to an organization. Internal Environment consists of situational factors that are present within the organizational boundaries whereas external environment consists of any factors or conditions that are not under the controlRead MoreEnergy Drink Marketing : Marketing And Consumption Of Energy Drinks1140 Words   |  5 Pages ENERGY DRINK MARKETING Introduction Since the turn of the new millennium, there has been a visible trend in the marketing and consumption of energy drinks. The consumption of these energy drinks could be attributed to the viral marketing that has been boosted by social media and created by the wave of synthetic, caffeinated high-energy drinks that are being manufactured. The drinks target the youth market and the athletes. In the past ten years or so, there has been a growth in the uptake of the

Nineteen Eighty

Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Grim P Essay Nineteen Eighty-Four was written between the years of 1945 and 1948. Orwell got the title from switching the last two numbers of the publication date. In Orwells criticism of a perfect society, his book became known as one of the greatest anti-utopian novels of all time. The books message is so powerful that some say it went so far as to prevent the sinister future from realizing itself. Althought the book starts out as the story of a neurotic, paranoid man, it quickly turns into a protest against a quasi-utopian society and a totalitarian government. The book appears to be a satire at the start, similar to books such as Gullivers Travels, or Huxleys Brave New World, but all too quickly the reader will discover, quite unpleasantly, that it is not a satire at all. Nineteen Eighty-four is not simply a criticism of what Orwell saw happening in his national government with the coming of English Socialism, but a warning of the consequences of contemporary governmental practices, and what they where threatening to bring about. Perhaps the book seems so bleak because the events in the book are a somewhat logical projection from current conditions and historical environment that Orwell observed in 1948. Perhaps people would be more comfortable with the book if they could rule out in their minds the possibility of the prophecy becoming a reality. In a critique of his own work, Orwell called Nineteen Eighty-Four A work of a future terrible sic because it rests on a fiction and can not be substantiated by reality or truth. But perhaps this future is realizing itself more than Orwell thought it would. Orwell, more than likely, would have made note of, but wouldnt be astonished by, the fact that in 1983 the average American household spent over 7 hours in front of the television every night. The number is even greater for those households which currently subscribe to a cable service. Those families watch television for more that 58 hours a week. That is more that 2 days st raight without sleeping, eating, or going to the bathroom. He also wouldnt have passed by this magazine advertisement that could be seen in 1984: Is Big Brother watching? If you are tired of Government, tired of big business, tired of everyone telling you who you are and what you should be, then now is the time to speak out. Display your disgust and exhibit your independence, Wear a Big Brother Is Watching tee-shirt. $10, Canadians remit us dollars. Big Brother is Watching LTD. Neenah, WI. This advertisement makes one wonder if there is really a group dedicated to the rise to power of someone called Big Brother. No true reader could ever pass off Winstons experience with indifference. You have to have some kind of sympathy for a man, even if fictional, who can not remember his childhood, or for that matter, even his mother. That is certain to strike a nerve with almost anyone. In addition to this constant pain of loss, the reader will also have to vicariously live through lengthy episodes of of other psychological pains, and physical pain. The reader will also be forced to endure the pains of society as The Party turns children against parents, friends against friends, and although ther reader will discover the beauty of a love between a man and a woman, The Party will eventually destroy that too. While The Party is an important theme, two other themes are far more important. The first is the distruction of language. By eliminating more and more words from peoples vocabularies, The Party eliminates the ability of people to unite or conspire against the government. However, they are also eliminating the possibility of conceiving original thought, which has catastrophic effects. The ultimate goal of The Party is to reduce the language to only one word thereby eliminating any thought at all. The second important theme is the elimination of the past. This is the main character, Winstons, job in the ministry of truth, to make sure that The Party always looks right about every decision it has made in the past. .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e , .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e .postImageUrl , .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e , .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e:hover , .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e:visited , .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e:active { border:0!important; } .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e:active , .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24f6596df57afeb7544d1b2618490c2e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Twenties EssayThis quest for total power by The Party is an excellent dramatization of Lord Actons famous apothegm, power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. The Party seems like it wont stop until it controls the minds of everyone under its power, and has complete physical and psychological surveillance on all people at all time. This is exemplified in the fact that the government can look back at you through your television, or telescreen as it is called in the book, and the governmet has set up telescreens almost anywhere you can go. While they dont have telescreens in unpopulated country sides, they have gone through the trouble to place hidden microphones disgused as flowers in those areas. and while there are real no laws, the thought police can spy on your thoughts at anytime, and can arrest and kill you on a whim. This policy is mythical. It is not really used for punishment, but to scare everyone else into being good citizens. No other work of this century has inspired people with such love of liberty and hatred of tyranny. Humans have a basic desire to be free and not controlled. Therefore, to Orwell as to the Utopian reformers, the adoption of the governmental doctrine, socialism, was less an economic decision and more a moral decision. Nineteen Eighty-Four is an expression of Mr. Orwells irritation at many of the facets of English socialism. It is also an expression of his moral and intellectual indignation at the concept of totalitarianism, where a country is ruled utterly and completely by a group of few. Another critic says that the book is not a criticism of English socialism at all, but a warning of the conse quences of the contemporoary political paths we are following, or were at the time the book was written. The bombs in Nineteen Eighty-Four symbolize Orwells pent up rage about everything in the political world from the disasterous state of unemployment of the 1930s, to the ignorance of the leftist intelligensia, stupidly justifing Stalinism. Some literary critics have attributed the books extreme grimness to Orwells declining Health, and surmise that his pessimistic views illustrate his collapsing spirit. Whatever his inspiration or motivation, almost fifty years after its first publication, Nineteen Eighty-Four remains one of the great novels of this century.

The Renaissance and the Reformation free essay sample

Sources of Renaissance Ideas 1. Trade flourished and made cities richer— Trade led to growth of large city-states in northern Italy. These places became urban. In these cities people often exchanged ideas and from this bred intellectual revolution. Merchants helped create the economic system of capitalism. 2. Bubonic Plague— The bubonic plague that killed half of the population brought upon a change in the economy. When there were few laborers, they could demand high wages. Thus, there were fewer opportunities to expand business. Merchants then begun to pursue other interest, such as art. . Reviving Greece and Roman Art— Renaissance scholars returned to the learning of the Greeks and Romans. Firstly, artists and scholars of Italy drew inspiration from the ruins of Rome that surrounded them. Second, Western scholars studied ancient Latin manuscripts that had been preserved in monasteries. Christian scholars in Constantinople fled to Rome with Greek manuscripts. Hu manism The study of classical texts led to humanism. We will write a custom essay sample on The Renaissance and the Reformation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Humanists studied ancient texts to understand Greek values. They influenced artist and architects to carry on classical traditions. They also popularized the study of subjects common to classical education. Individualism Individualism is the belief in the primary importance of the individual and in the virtues of self-reliance and personal independence. Examples of Individualism Patrons— By patronage and having their portraits painted or by donating art to the city to place in public squares, this demonstrated their own importance. Universal/Renaissance Man Renaissance writers introduced the idea that all educated people were expected to create art. The ideal individual strove to master almost every area of study. In Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier, it stated that a young man should be charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He should dance, sing, play music, and write poetry. In addition, he should be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman. For Renaissance women, they should expect to seek fame. They were expected to inspire art, but rarely create it. Renaissance Values VS Middle Ages Values Medieval| Renaissance| Suffer on Earth for reward in heaven. | Worldly pleasure | For the glory of god| For fame and glory| | Humanism| | | The Medieval mind VS Renaissance mind Medieval| Renaissance| Medieval scholars tried to make classical texts agree with Christian teachings| Studied ancient texts to understand Greek values. | People demonstrated piety by wearing rough clothing and eating plain foods. | Humanists suggested that a person might enjoy life without offending God. During the Renaissance, the wealthy enjoyed material luxuries, good music, and fine foods. | Renaissance Art VS Middle Ages Art Medieval| Renaissance| Medieval artists used religious subjects to convey a spiritual ideal. | Renaissance artist often portrayed religious subjects, but with a realistic style copied from classical models. | Art drew on techniques and styles of classical Greece and Rome| | Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic and lifelike ways. | | Artists created works that were secular as well as those that were religious. | | Writers began to use vernacular languages to express their ideas. | Artists kept themselves anonymous. | The arts praised individu al achievements. | Plain back ground, no perspective, very flat, no facial expression, not realistic| | Renaissance Education VS Middle Ages Education Medieval| Renaissance| Education was religious| Education was more concerned with worldly things (history, math, science ect. )| Education is usually for nobles. | | | | | | Terms Intellect (n)— The faculty of reasoning and understanding objectively. Capitalism (n)— A system based upon wages and private ownership. Secular (adj. )— Worldly things; denoting attitudes, activities or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis. Patrons (n) — A person who gives financial support to a person, organization, cause. (During the Renaissance, the Patrons gave financial support to artists). Vernacular (n) — The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region. Perspective (n) — A technique in art that shows three dimensions on a flat surface. Individuals Michelangelo BuonarrotiUsed a realistic style when depicting the human body. DonatelloMade sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions that reveal personality. Leonardo da VinciHe was a painter, sculpture, inventor, and scientist. Da Vinci shows the meaning of a true â€Å"Renaissance man†. He was often interested in how things worked. He would study different subjects and incorporated his finding in his art. RaphaelHe was also knows as a Renaissance man. He excelled as a painter, sculptor, architect, and poet. He is most famous for the way he portrayed the human body in painting and sculpture. Influenced by classical art, he created figures that are forceful and show heroic grandeur. He is also famous for his use of perspective. Francesco PetrarchHe was one of the earliest and most influential humanists. Some have called him the father of Renaissance humanism. He was also a great poet who wrote in both Italian and Latin. Giovanni BoccaccioHe was an Italian writer who is best known for the Decameron. It presents both tragic and comic views of life. Boccaccio uses cutting humor to illustrate the human condition. MachiavelliHe was an important political figure who wrote the book â€Å"The Prince. He examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies. Williams ShakespeareHe is writer and poet. Shakespeare revered the classics and drew on them for inspiration and plots. In his plays he revealed the souls of men and women through scenes of dramatic conflict. Many of his plays examine human flaws. Johann GutenbergHe was a craftsman who developed a printing ress that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way. He also printed the Gutenberg Bible, that was the first full-sized book printed with movable type. Cosimo de Medici Lorenzo de Medici Baldassare Castiglione Isabella d’Ested’Este was William ShakespeareShakespeare was a famous poet and playwright. After his plays, English was standardized. He also translated the Bible from Latin to Engli sh. Shakespeare also expanded the scope of the English vocabulary. Thomas MoreMore was a noted Renaissance Humanist who refused to sign the ‘Act of Supremacy†, imprisoned, and beheaded. He also wrote the Utopia, which described an ideal city-state, established him as a leading humanist of the Renaissance. Reformation Content Background causes Causes of the Reformation| Social| Political| Economic| Religious| The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church. | Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe. | European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth. | Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt. | The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church. Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority. | Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church. | Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable. | 1. The Church During the Renaissance became corrupted and disordered. * The clergies did not follow the Church’s laws * The Church became involved in politics, and gained wealth. * The Church became worldly (enjoyed luxuries and the clergies lived lavishly). * The Church wandered away from Jesus’s teachings; lost main goals. They didn’t take their religion seriously. * Church became too rich, too powerful. 2. Critics openly attacked the Church * Two new orders of monks were started to help purify the Church. * Renaissance spirit questioned religion. * The Church took advantage of its rituals and ceremonies to become wealthy. * Laid too much stress son ceremony. * People thought there was too much authority on top. 3. Outside movements weakened the power of the Church * Kings and citizens did not favor the Church dictating their lives. * People did not welcome the rules and command of foreign church men. They didn’t want their Church to become involved with Rome (esp. financially). * Merchants did not like the Church laws forbidding the lending of money of interest (because if interests were forbid then the people lending the money would no t have any income and the merchants could not start their business). * Merchants wanted the luxuries of the Church. 4. The printing press caused a revolution. * Writers criticized the corruption of the Renaissance Popes. * Books encouraged popular piety. * There were different interpretations of the Bible. * New ideas spread more quickly. Martin Luther’s role Martin Luther wrote a response known as the 95 Theses attacking the â€Å"pardon-mercahnts†. He then posted these statements on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg and invited other scholars to debate him. Someone copied Luther’s words and took them to a printer. He then became known all over Germany. This action began the Reformation, a movement for religious reform. It led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope’s authority. Results—Church Divisions When Luther returned to Wittenberg in 1522, he discovered that many of his ideas were being put into practice. Instead of continue seeking the reform, he separated himself into a group called the Lutherans. Charles V went to war against the Protestant princes, and defeated them in 1547 but failed to force them back into the Catholic Church. He then called for an assembly in the city of Augsburg. The princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state. This famous settlement was known as the Peace of Augsburg. Reformation in England and Life of Henry VIII Henry VIII wanted a male heir because he feared that without a successor a civil war could break out after he died. But he only had one daughter called Mary with his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Henry wanted to divorce and take a younger queen but the Church did not allow divorce. However the pope could annul his marriage if there was proof that it had never been legal in the first place. In 1527, Henry asked the pope to annul his marriage but the pope refused. The pope did not want to offend Catherine’s powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Henry then called for Parliament in 1529 and asked it to pass a set of laws to end the pope’s power in England. This Parliament was known as the Reformation Parliament. He secretly married Anne Boleyn then later legalized his divorce with Catherine. In 1534, Henry’s break with the pope was completed when Parliament voted to approve the Act of Supremacy. This called on people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry, not the pope, as the official head of England’s Church. Changes in England After Henry’s death in 1547, Edward VI became king at only 9 years old. After reigning for s After Henry’s death in 1547, Edward VI became king at only 9 years old. After reigning for only six years Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon took the throne. She was a Catholic and returned the English Church to the rule of the pope. But when Mary died, Elizabeth inherited the throne. Elizabeth was determined to return the kingdom to Protestantism. In 1559, Parliament followed Elizabeth’s wishes and set up the Church of England, or Anglican Church, with Elizabeth at its head. This was to be the only legal church in England. She decided to establish a state church that moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants might both accept. For Protestants, priests in the Church of England were allowed to marry and deliver sermon in English. For Catholics, the Church of England kept some of the trappings of the Catholic services such as rich robes and church services were revised to be somewhat more acceptable to Catholics. Individuals John Wycliffe of EnglandBoth Wycliffe and Hus denied that the pope had the right to worldly power. They also taught that the Bible had more authority than Church leaders did. Jan Hus of Bohemia (same as Wycliffe) Desiderius Erasmus Thomas More John TetzelTetzel was raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome by selling indulgences. He gave people the impression that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way into heaven. Terms Indulgences (n)— It was a pardon that released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins. Reformation (n) — Edict of Worms (n) — An imperial order issued by Charles V that declared Luther an outlaw and heretic. No one was to give Luther food or shelter. Heretic (n)— A person believing in or practicing religious heresy. Scientific Revolution During the beginning of the mid-1500s a few scholars published works that challenged the ideas of ancient thinkers and the church. These scholars replaced old assumption with new theories and launched a change called the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world. That way was based upon careful observation and willingness to question accepted beliefs. Individuals and Achievements (Includes Laws, Theories ect. ) Nicolaus Copernicus Copernicus became interested in the old Greek ideas that the sun stood at the center of the universe. After 25 years of studying planetary movements, he reasoned that the stars, the earth and other planets revolved around the sun. In his theory he also stated that the orbits were circular (which is actually false). Tycho Brahe Brahe carefully recorded the movements of the planets for many years. Left his observations to his followers to make mathematical sense of them. Johannes Kepler Kepler was Brahe’s assistant and a brilliant mathematician. He concluded that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits not circles. Galileo Galilei Galileo developed lens into his own telescope and used it to study the heavens. After studying, he announced that Jupiter had four moons and the sun had dark spots. He also noted the earth’s moon had rough, uneven surface. He faced conflict with the Church because if the Church was wrong on one thing that people could question the teachings as well. Galileo was then summoned to stand before court and confess that Copernicus’s ideas were false. Francis Bacon Bacon was an English statesman and writer who had a passionate interest in science. He urged scientist to experiment and then draw conclusions. This approach is called empiricism, or the experimental method. Rene Descartes Descartes developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry. This provided an important tool in scientific research. Descartes relied on mathematics and logic. He believed that everything should be doubted until proved by reason. Isaac Newton Newton studied Mathematics and physics, and by the time he was 26, was certain that the same forces affected all physical objects equally. Newton’s great discovery was that the same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and in space. The key idea that linked motion in the heavens with motion on the earth was the law of universal gravitation. According to this law every object in the universe attracts every other object. The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them. Scientific Method The scientific method is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. It begins with a problem or question arising from an observation. Scientists then form a hypothesis and test an experiment or on the basis of data. Finally they analyze and interpret their data to reach a new conclusion. The conclusion either confirms or disproves the hypothesis. Terms Geocentric Theory (n)— The theory that the earth is the center with the other planets orbiting around it. Scientific Revolution (n) — A period that a new way of thinking about the natural world immerged. That way was based upon careful observation and willingness to question accepted beliefs. Heliocentric Theory (n)— The theory that the sun was the center with the other planets orbiting around it. Theory (n)— A supposition or system of ideas intended to explain something (esp. one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained). *Supposition (n)— An uncertain belief. Scientific Method Empiricism (n)— The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. *Not important terms Annul To annul is to declare something as invalid. King Henry VIII wanted an heir to his thrown, but since Catherine of Aragon couldn’t bear him any more children he wanted to divorce her. But the Pope refused to annul his marriage because he feared it would cause conflict with Catherine’s nephew, Charles V. Alliance An alliance is a union formed for mutual benefit. Catherine of Aragon’s marriage to King Henry VIII was an alliance between Spain and England. Catherine was actually set to marry Henry’s brother, Arthur but he died. Civil War A civil war was a war between citizens of the same country. Henry VIII was persistent in wanting a male heir because he feared a civil war would break out if he did not have a successor once he died. His kingdom would not be stable. Heir An heir was a successor of the throne. Henry VIII wanted and heir because he feared a civil war would break out if he did not have a successor once he died. This event happened after his father died, and he did not want it to be repeated. Pious To be pious is to be devoutly religious. The people during the Medieval times often lived their lives piously. For example, they would wear rough clothing and eating plain food. Heretic A heretic is a person who does not believe in God. In the Edict of Worms, Martin Luther was declared a heretic and outlaw. No one was allowed to give him food or shelter and it was made legal to kill Luther. Recant To take back something you said. After the Church learned about Luther’s ideas and the 95 Theses, they summoned him before the Diet of Worms. He was supposed to recant, but he refused and then was excommunicated from the Church. Excommunicate To be excluded from the sacraments and participation of the Church. Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Church when he would not recant.